Background Immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients [SOTRs] have elevated rates of certain rare cancers caused by viruses. Evaluating risk of rare cancers among SOTRs may provide etiological clues for additional cancers linked to poor immunity and viral infections. Methods We performed a cohort study of 262,455 SOTRs (1987-2014) from the US SOTR registry linked to 17 population-based cancer registries. First cancers in SOTRs were categorized using an established classification scheme based on site and histology. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared risk in SOTRs to the general population. We used Poisson regression to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) according to immune-related SOTR characteristics, including time since transplant (i.e., duration of immunosuppression). All statistical tests are two-sided. Results We examined 694 distinct cancer subtypes, with 33 manifesting statistically significantly elevated SIRs (Bonferroni p less then 7.2 x 10-5). All 33 are rare (incidence lesd treatment.Background and objectives Volunteer delivered programs to assist people with dementia and/or delirium in-hospital, can provide person-centred one-on-one support additional to usual care. These programs could mitigate hospital resource demands, however, their effectiveness is unknown. This review evaluated literature of volunteer programs in acute hospital settings for people living with dementia and/or delirium. Research design and methods Four databases were searched. PLX5622 Studies that reported patient or program outcomes were included (i.e. delirium incidence, length-of-stay, number of falls, satisfaction). Risk of bias was completed. Meta-analysis was performed where two or more studies measured the same outcome. Narrative synthesis was performed on the qualitative results. Results Eleven studies were included in the review, with varied design, participant groups and outcomes measured. Risk of bias averaged 71%. Volunteer delivered programs addressed delirium risk factors e.g. hydration/nutrition, mobility, use of sensory aids. Eight patient and six program outcomes were captured but only three patient outcomes could be pooled. Meta-analyses demonstrated a reduction in delirium incidence (rate ratio=0.65; 95% CI 0.47, 0.90) but no reduction in length-of-stay (mean difference -1.09; 95% CI -0.58, 2.77) or number of falls (rate ratio=0.67; 95%CI 0.19, 2.35). Narrative synthesis identified benefits to patients (e.g. less loneliness), volunteers (sense of meaning), and staff (timesaving, safety). Discussion and implications Volunteer delivered programs for inpatients with dementia and/or delirium may provide benefits for patients, volunteers and staff. However, studies conducted with more robust designs are required to determine overall effectiveness on program outcomes. Further high-quality research appropriate for this vulnerable population is required to identify volunteer program effectiveness.This article explores the merits of employing a restorative justice approach in cases of gross negligence manslaughter involving healthcare professionals, in line with the recent policy turn towards developing a just culture in addressing episodes of healthcare malpractice within the National Health Service in England. It is argued that redress for victims and rehabilitation of offenders should operate as key values, underpinning the adoption of a restorative justice approach in such cases. It would also be vital that a structured pathway was designed that established suitable protocols and safeguards for both victims and offenders taking account of problematic issues such as the informality of the process, power asymmetries between parties, and the context in which the offence took place. Taking all such matters into account, we propose that consideration be given to establishing a pilot involving the use of restorative justice in cases of gross negligence manslaughter involving healthcare professionals, which would be subject to judicial and stakeholder oversight to ensure transparency and accountability, which in turn could inform future policy options.Our body is continuously in contact with external stimuli that need a fine integration with the internal milieu in order to maintain the homeostasis. Similarly, perturbations of the internal environment are responsible for the alterations of the physiological mechanisms regulating our main functions. The nervous system and the immune system represent the main interfaces between the internal and the external environment. In carrying out these functions, they share many similarities, being able to recognize, integrate and organize responses to a wide variety of stimuli, with the final aim to re-establish the homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system, which collectively refers to the ensemble of afferent and efferent neurons that wire the central nervous system with visceral effectors throughout the body, is the prototype system controlling the homeostasis through reflex arches. On the other hand, immune cells continuously patrol our body against external enemies and internal perturbations, organizing acute responses and forming memory for future encounters. Interesting to notice, the integration of the two systems provides a further unique opportunity for fine tuning of our body's homeostasis. In fact, the autonomic nervous system guides the development of lymphoid and myeloid organs, as well as the deployment of immune cells toward peripheral tissues where they can affect and control several physiological functions. In turn, every specific immune cell type can contribute to regulate neural circuits involved in cardiovascular function, metabolism, inflammation. Here we review current understanding of the cross-regulation between these systems in cardiovascular diseases.Background The North of England, particularly the North East (NE), has worse health (e.g. 2 years lower life expectancy) and higher health inequalities compared to the rest of England. Sources of data We explore this over time drawing on publicly available data. Areas of agreement and controversy Whilst overall health is improving, within-regional health inequalities are getting worse and the gap between the NE and other regions (particularly the South of England) is worsening. The gap in life expectancy is widening with substantial variation between deprived and affluent areas within the NE. Those living in the NE are more likely to have a shorter lifespan and to spend a larger proportion of their shorter lives in poor health, as well as being more likely to die prematurely from preventable diseases. Growing points We highlight wide, and in some cases increasing, inequalities in health outcomes between the NE and the rest of England. This health disadvantage and the north-south health divide are recognized; despite this, the situation appears to be worsening over the time.